*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
    html { scroll-behavior: smooth; }
    body {
      font-family: 'Manrope', system-ui, sans-serif;
      font-size: 16px;
      line-height: 1.7;
      color: #2d2d2d;
      background: #fff;
    }
    a { color: #1a56a0; text-decoration: none; }
    a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }

    /* ── TOP HEADER: white bar with PoliMi logo ── */
    #polimi-header {
      background: #fff;
      border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
      padding: 0 2rem;
      height: 64px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
    }
    #polimi-header a {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      text-decoration: none;
    }
    #polimi-header img {
      height: 46px;
      width: auto;
    }

    /* ── IDENTITY BAR ── */
    :root {
      --bs-tertiary-bg-rgb: 233, 236, 239;
      --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
    }
    #identity-bar {
      --bs-bg-opacity: 1;
      background-color: rgba(var(--bs-tertiary-bg-rgb), var(--bs-bg-opacity)) !important;
      position: sticky;
      top: 0;
      z-index: 100;
      border-bottom: 1px solid #d1d5db;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.08);
    }
    .identity-inner {
      max-width: 1080px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 0 2rem;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      height: 52px;
    }
    .identity-name {
      color: #1a1a1a;
      font-weight: 700;
      font-size: .95rem;
      letter-spacing: .01em;
      white-space: nowrap;
      line-height: 52px;
    }
    .identity-name span {
      font-weight: 400;
      color: #666;
      font-size: .82rem;
      margin-left: .6rem;
    }
    #identity-bar nav ul {
      list-style: none;
      display: flex;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    #identity-bar nav ul li {
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    #identity-bar nav ul li a {
      color: #333;
      font-size: .8rem;
      font-weight: 500;
      padding: 0 .8rem;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      height: 52px;
      border-radius: 4px;
      transition: color .15s, background .15s;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }
    #identity-bar nav ul li a:hover {
      color: #1a3a6b;
      background: rgba(26,58,107,.08);
      text-decoration: none;
    }

    /* ── WHITE STRIPE ── */
    .white-stripe {
      height: 18px;
      background: #fff;
    }

    /* ── HERO ── */
    #hero {
      background: #8DB9CD;
      padding: 3rem 2rem;
    }
    .hero-inner {
      max-width: 860px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 1.4rem;
    }
    .hero-top {
      display: flex;
      gap: 2.5rem;
      align-items: flex-start;
    }
    .hero-photo {
      flex-shrink: 0;
      width: 130px;
      height: 177px;
      border-radius: 6px;
      object-fit: cover;
      box-shadow: 0 3px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.2);
    }
    .hero-text h1 {
      font-size: 1.75rem;
      font-weight: 800;
      letter-spacing: -.02em;
      color: #fff;
      margin-bottom: .25rem;
    }
    .hero-text .subtitle {
      font-size: 1rem;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: rgba(255,255,255,.9);
      margin-bottom: .15rem;
    }
    .hero-text .dept {
      font-size: .86rem;
      font-weight: 400;
      color: rgba(255,255,255,.8);
      margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
    }
    .hero-links {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: .5rem;
    }
    .hero-links a {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: .35rem;
      background: rgba(255,255,255,.25);
      border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.4);
      color: #fff;
      padding: .32rem .8rem;
      border-radius: 20px;
      font-size: .78rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      transition: background .2s;
    }
    .hero-links a:hover {
      background: rgba(255,255,255,.38);
      text-decoration: none;
    }

    /* ── SECTIONS ── */
    section.content-section {
      padding: 3.2rem 2rem;
      background: #fff;
    }
    #research, #projects, #thesis, #contact {
      background-color: rgba(141, 185, 205, 0.2);
    }
    .section-inner {
      max-width: 860px;
      margin: 0 auto;
    }
    h2 {
      color: #102C53;
      border-left: 2px solid #102C53;
      padding: 0.3rem 0.8rem;
      font-size: 14px;
      margin: 0 0 1.6rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      letter-spacing: .02em;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      display: block;
    }
    h3 {
      font-size: .97rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #1a3a6b;
      margin: 1.4rem 0 .45rem;
    }
    p { margin-bottom: .85rem; }
    ul { padding-left: 1.4rem; margin-bottom: .85rem; }
    li { margin-bottom: .3rem; }

    /* ── Metrics ── */
    .bio-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 1.1rem;
      margin-top: 1.2rem;
    }
    .metric-box {
      background: #e8f0fb;
      border-left: 4px solid #2563a8;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: .9rem 1.1rem;
    }
    .metric-box .value {
      font-size: 1.65rem;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #1a3a6b;
      letter-spacing: -.02em;
    }
    .metric-box .label {
      font-size: .78rem;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #555;
    }

    /* ── Research cards ── */
    .research-area {
      background: #fff;
      border: 1px solid #dde5f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 1.1rem 1.3rem;
      margin-bottom: 1.1rem;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.04);
    }
    .research-area h3 { margin-top: 0; font-size: .95rem; }
    .research-area p { font-size: .88rem; color: #444; margin-bottom: .55rem; }
    .research-area .papers { font-size: .8rem; color: #666; }
    .research-area .papers em { font-style: normal; font-weight: 600; color: #1a56a0; }

    /* ── Pub links ── */
    .pub-links { display: flex; gap: .85rem; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-top: 1rem; }
    .pub-links a {
      display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: .45rem;
      background: #1a3a6b; color: #fff;
      padding: .5rem 1.1rem; border-radius: 6px;
      font-size: .86rem; font-weight: 600;
      transition: background .2s;
    }
    .pub-links a:hover { background: #2563a8; text-decoration: none; }
    .h-index-row { display: flex; gap: 1.1rem; margin-top: 1.1rem; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: stretch; }
    .h-badge {
      background: #e8f0fb; border-radius: 6px;
      padding: .65rem 1.1rem; text-align: center; width: 175px; box-sizing: border-box;
    }
    .h-badge .val { font-size: 1.55rem; font-weight: 800; color: #1a3a6b; letter-spacing: -.02em; }
    .h-badge .src { font-size: .76rem; font-weight: 500; color: #555; }

    /* ── Books ── */
    .book-item {
      border-left: 3px solid #2563a8;
      padding: .6rem 1rem;
      margin-bottom: .85rem;
      background: #eef3ff;
      border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;
      font-size: .9rem;
    }

    /* ── Projects ── */
    .project-tag {
      display: inline-block;
      background: #dbeafe; color: #1a3a6b;
      font-size: .7rem; font-weight: 700;
      padding: .14rem .5rem; border-radius: 10px;
      margin-right: .35rem; vertical-align: middle;
    }
    .project-tag.past { background: #e5e7eb; color: #555; }
    .project-list li { margin-bottom: .5rem; font-size: .9rem; }
    .project-list li a.proj-link {
      margin-left: .25rem;
      font-size: .75rem;
      color: #2563a8;
      text-decoration: none;
      vertical-align: middle;
      opacity: .7;
    }
    .project-list li a.proj-link:hover { opacity: 1; text-decoration: underline; }

    /* ── Thesis cards ── */
    .thesis-card {
      background: #fff;
      border: 1px solid #dde5f0;
      border-radius: 8px;
      padding: 1rem 1.2rem;
      margin-bottom: .9rem;
      box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.04);
    }
    .thesis-card h3 { margin-top: 0; font-size: .94rem; }
    .thesis-card p { font-size: .86rem; color: #444; margin-bottom: .45rem; }

    /* ── Research Group (hero) ── */
    .hero-group { display: block; text-decoration: none; opacity: .9; transition: opacity .2s; }
    .hero-group:hover { opacity: 1; }
    .hero-group img { width: 220px; height: auto; display: block; }

    /* ── Awards ── */
    .award-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 1.1rem;
      margin-top: 1.2rem;
    }
    .award-box {
      background: #e8f0fb;
      border-left: 4px solid #2563a8;
      border-radius: 6px;
      padding: .9rem 1.1rem;
      font-size: .88rem;
      color: #333;
    }
    .award-box .award-icon { font-size: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: .35rem; }
    .award-box .award-title { font-weight: 700; color: #1a3a6b; margin-bottom: .2rem; }
    .award-box .award-detail { font-size: .8rem; color: #555; }

    /* ── Contact ── */
    .contact-grid {
      display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
      gap: 1.4rem; margin-top: 1rem;
    }
    .contact-item { display: flex; gap: .65rem; align-items: flex-start; font-size: .9rem; }
    .contact-icon { font-size: 1.15rem; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: .05rem; }
    .contact-item strong {
      display: block; font-size: .73rem; font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .06em;
      color: #888; margin-bottom: .12rem;
    }



    /* ── Responsive ── */
    @media (max-width: 680px) {
      .hero-inner { flex-direction: column; align-items: center; text-align: center; }
      .hero-links { justify-content: center; }
      .bio-grid, .contact-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
      #identity-bar nav ul li a { padding: 0 .45rem; font-size: .73rem; }
      .identity-name span { display: none; }
    }

    /* ── FOOTER ── */
    footer {
      font-family: 'Manrope', system-ui, sans-serif;
      background: #102C53;
    }
    .footer-top {
      background: #102C53;
      padding: 1.5rem 0;
    }
    .footer-top .container {
      max-width: 1140px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 0 1.5rem;
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: 1rem;
    }
    .footer-logo {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 1.2rem;
    }
    .footer-logo img {
      height: 38px;
      width: auto;
      filter: brightness(0) invert(1);
    }
    .footer-logo .logo-sep {
      width: 1px;
      height: 32px;
      background: rgba(255,255,255,.35);
    }
    .footer-logo .deib-text {
      color: #fff;
      font-size: .78rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      line-height: 1.3;
      max-width: 180px;
    }
    .footer-social ul {
      list-style: none;
      display: flex;
      gap: .5rem;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    .footer-social ul li a {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      width: 36px;
      height: 36px;
      border-radius: 50%;
      border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.4);
      color: rgba(255,255,255,.85);
      font-size: .85rem;
      transition: background .2s, color .2s;
      text-decoration: none;
    }
    .footer-social ul li a:hover {
      background: rgba(255,255,255,.15);
      color: #fff;
    }
    /* footer columns */
    .footer-columns {
      background: #102C53;
      padding: 2rem 0 1rem;
    }
    .footer-columns .container {
      max-width: 1140px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 0 1.5rem;
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
      gap: 1.5rem;
    }
    .footer-col h6.widget-title {
      color: #fff;
      font-size: .78rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      letter-spacing: .07em;
      margin-bottom: .8rem;
    }
    /* static (no accordion) first column keeps uppercase small title */
    .footer-col ul.menu-big li a {
      font-size: .88rem;
      line-height: 2.1;
    }
    .footer-col .accordion-btn {
      background: none;
      border: none;
      padding: .55rem 0 .55rem 0;
      color: #fff;
      font-size: .9rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      text-transform: none;
      letter-spacing: 0;
      cursor: pointer;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      width: 100%;
      margin-bottom: .6rem;
      font-family: 'Manrope', system-ui, sans-serif;
    }
    .footer-col .accordion-btn::after {
      content: '';
      flex-shrink: 0;
      width: 14px;
      height: 14px;
      margin-left: auto;
      background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23ffffff'%3e%3cpath fill-rule='evenodd' d='M1.646 4.646a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 10.293l5.646-5.647a.5.5 0 0 1 .708.708l-6 6a.5.5 0 0 1-.708 0l-6-6a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z'/%3e%3c/svg%3e");
      background-repeat: no-repeat;
      background-size: 14px;
      transition: transform .2s ease-in-out;
      opacity: .8;
    }
    .footer-col .accordion-btn.open::after {
      transform: rotate(-180deg);
    }
    .footer-col .accordion-body {
      display: none;
      margin-bottom: 1rem;
      padding-top: .4rem;
    }
    .footer-col .accordion-body.open {
      display: block;
    }
    .footer-col ul.menu {
      list-style: none;
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0 0 1rem;
    }
    .footer-col ul.menu li a {
      color: rgba(255,255,255,.72);
      font-size: .8rem;
      font-weight: 400;
      line-height: 2;
      text-decoration: none;
      display: block;
      transition: color .15s;
    }
    .footer-col ul.menu li a:hover {
      color: #fff;
    }
    .footer-col ul.menu-big li a {
      font-size: .85rem;
    }
    .footer-col p {
      color: rgba(255,255,255,.72);
      font-size: .8rem;
      margin-bottom: .8rem;
    }
    .btn-donate {
      display: inline-block;
      border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.5);
      color: #fff;
      font-size: .78rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      padding: .4rem .9rem;
      border-radius: 4px;
      text-decoration: none;
      transition: background .2s;
    }
    .btn-donate:hover {
      background: rgba(255,255,255,.1);
      text-decoration: none;
      color: #fff;
    }
    /* footer bottom */
    .footer-info {
      background: #102C53;
      padding: 1.2rem 0;
    }
    .footer-info .container {
      max-width: 1140px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 0 1.5rem;
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      gap: .8rem;
    }
    .footer-info .copyright {
      color: rgba(255,255,255,.55);
      font-size: .75rem;
      line-height: 1.5;
    }
    .footer-info .footer-links {
      list-style: none;
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 0;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }
    .footer-info .footer-links li a {
      color: rgba(255,255,255,.55);
      font-size: .75rem;
      padding: .1rem .7rem;
      border-right: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.2);
      text-decoration: none;
      transition: color .15s;
      white-space: nowrap;
    }
    .footer-info .footer-links li:last-child a {
      border-right: none;
    }
    .footer-info .footer-links li a:hover {
      color: #fff;
    }
    @media (max-width: 768px) {
      .footer-columns .container { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
      .footer-top .container { flex-direction: column; align-items: flex-start; }
      .footer-info .container { flex-direction: column; }
    }


    /* ── BOOKS / TEACHING NOTES SWIPER ── */
    .teaching-notes-swiper {
      padding: 1rem .5rem 3.5rem;
      position: relative;
    }
    .teaching-notes-swiper .swiper-wrapper { align-items: stretch; }
    .teaching-notes-swiper .swiper-slide { height: auto; }
    .teaching-notes-swiper .swiper-button-prev,
    .teaching-notes-swiper .swiper-button-next {
      color: #102C53;
      width: 36px; height: 36px;
      background: #fff;
      border-radius: 50%;
      border: 1px solid #dde5f0;
    }
    .teaching-notes-swiper .swiper-button-prev::after,
    .teaching-notes-swiper .swiper-button-next::after { font-size: .85rem; font-weight: 700; }
    .teaching-notes-swiper .swiper-pagination-bullet-active { background: #102C53; }
    .books-swiper {
      padding: 1rem .5rem 3.5rem;
      position: relative;
    }
    .books-swiper .swiper-wrapper { align-items: stretch; }
    .books-swiper .swiper-slide { height: auto; }
    /* Card wrapper for each book */
    .book-card {
      background: #fff;
      border: 1px solid #dde5f0;
      border-radius: 6px;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.06);
      overflow: hidden;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      height: 100%;
      transition: box-shadow .2s, transform .2s;
    }
    .book-card:hover {
      box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(16,44,83,.13);
      transform: translateY(-3px);
    }
    .book-card-cover {
      background: rgba(141,185,205,0.12);
      padding: 1.1rem 1.1rem .8rem;
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      border-bottom: 1px solid #eef1f6;
    }
    .book-cover {
      width: 90px;
      height: 124px;
      object-fit: cover;
      border-radius: 3px;
      box-shadow: 3px 3px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.22);
      display: block;
      cursor: pointer;
    }
    .book-card-body {
      padding: .85rem .9rem 1rem;
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
    }
    .book-slide-authors { font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 700; color: #102C53; margin-bottom: .3rem; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .02em; }
    .book-slide-title { font-size: .8rem; font-weight: 600; color: #2d2d2d; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: .35rem; flex: 1; }
    .book-slide-year { font-size: .72rem; color: #666; margin-bottom: .15rem; }
    .book-slide-note { font-size: .7rem; color: #888; margin: 0; }
    .books-swiper .swiper-controls {
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: flex-end;
      gap: .6rem;
      padding: .6rem .4rem 0;
    }
    .books-swiper .swiper-navigation {
      display: flex;
      gap: .3rem;
    }
    .books-swiper .swiper-button-prev,
    .books-swiper .swiper-button-next {
      color: #102C53;
      width: 36px; height: 36px;
      background: rgba(255,255,255,.9);
      border-radius: 50%;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.15);
      top: 42%;
      border: 1px solid #dde5f0;
    }
    .books-swiper .swiper-button-prev::after,
    .books-swiper .swiper-button-next::after { font-size: .85rem; font-weight: 700; }
    .books-swiper .swiper-pagination-bullet-active { background: #102C53; }


    /* ── PROJECTS SWIPER ── */
    .projects-swiper {
      padding: .5rem .5rem 3rem;
      position: relative;
    }
    .projects-swiper .swiper-wrapper { align-items: stretch; }
    .projects-swiper .swiper-slide { height: auto; }
    .project-card {
      background: #fff;
      border-radius: 6px;
      border: 1px solid #dde5f0;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.06);
      height: 100%;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      overflow: hidden;
      transition: box-shadow .2s, transform .2s;
    }
    .project-card:hover {
      box-shadow: 0 6px 20px rgba(16,44,83,.13);
      transform: translateY(-3px);
    }
    .project-card-header {
      background: rgba(141,185,205,0.18);
      border-bottom: 1px solid #dde5f0;
      padding: .65rem 1rem;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: .5rem;
    }
    .project-card-body {
      flex: 1;
      padding: 1rem 1rem .75rem;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
    }
    .project-card-body h4 {
      font-size: 1rem;
      font-weight: 800;
      color: #102C53;
      margin: 0 0 .35rem;
      letter-spacing: -.01em;
    }
    .project-card-full {
      font-size: .8rem;
      color: #555;
      font-style: italic;
      margin-bottom: .5rem;
      line-height: 1.45;
      flex: 1;
    }
    .project-card-role {
      font-size: .8rem;
      color: #2d2d2d;
      margin-bottom: .5rem;
      line-height: 1.4;
    }
    .project-card-funding {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: .35rem;
      margin-bottom: .5rem;
    }
    .project-card-funding span {
      background: rgba(141,185,205,0.25);
      color: #102C53;
      font-size: .7rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      padding: .12rem .5rem;
      border-radius: 10px;
    }
    /* DEIB-style arrow button */
    .project-card-footer {
      padding: .65rem 1rem .8rem;
      border-top: 1px solid #eef1f6;
    }
    .btn-polimi-arrow {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: .4rem;
      font-size: .75rem;
      font-weight: 700;
      color: #102C53;
      padding: .3rem .7rem;
      border: 1px solid #102C53;
      border-radius: 4px;
      text-decoration: none;
      letter-spacing: .02em;
      text-transform: uppercase;
      transition: background .15s, color .15s;
    }
    .btn-polimi-arrow::after { content: ' →'; }
    .btn-polimi-arrow:hover {
      background: #102C53;
      color: #fff;
      text-decoration: none;
    }
    .project-card-link {
      font-size: .78rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #2563a8;
      margin-top: auto;
    }
    .projects-swiper .swiper-button-prev,
    .projects-swiper .swiper-button-next {
      color: #102C53;
      width: 36px; height: 36px;
      background: rgba(255,255,255,.9);
      border-radius: 50%;
      box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.15);
      top: 42%;
      border: 1px solid #dde5f0;
    }
    .projects-swiper .swiper-button-prev::after,
    .projects-swiper .swiper-button-next::after { font-size: .85rem; font-weight: 700; }
    .projects-swiper .swiper-pagination-bullet-active { background: #102C53; }